A new study delves into the behavior of active particles whose propulsion speed varies with their orientation. They found that these particles form non-circular clusters with a constant flow of particles entering and exiting. This research, significant for the potential control of particle assembly, has implications for creating programmable matter and advancements in medical technology.
Researchers have discovered previously unknown physical effects in systems made up of particles whose propulsion speed depends on their orientation.
The field of research focusing on self-propelled particles, known as active particles, is rapidly expanding. In most theoretical models, these particles are assumed to maintain a constant swimming speed. However, this assumption does not hold true for many experimentally produced particles, like those propelled by ultrasound for medical applications. Their propulsion speed varies with orientation.
A team of physicists, led by Prof. Raphael Wittkowski from the University of Münster and including Prof. Michael Cates from the University of Cambridge, conducted a collaborative study to explore how this orientation-dependent speed influences the behavior of particle systems, particularly in cluster formation.
They combined computer simulations with theoretical analysis to uncover new effects in systems of active particles with orientation-dependent speeds. Their findings were recently published in the journal Physical Review Letters.
Surprising Behaviors in Particle Systems
What is interesting from a physics point of view is that systems consisting of many active particles can spontaneously form clusters – even when the individual particles do not attract one another at all. When measuring the movement of the particles in the simulations, the researchers came up with a particularly surprising result.
“Normally, on a statistical average, the particles in such clusters simply stay where they are,” explains lead author Dr. Stephan Bröker from the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the University of Münster. “For that reason, we had expected that that would be the case here, too.” In fact, however, the physicists discovered something else: the particles constantly move out of the cluster on the one side and move back in on the other, thus producing a permanent flow of particles.
Novel Cluster Shapes and Practical Implications
There is also another difference from the “normal” case: the clusters that form in systems of active particles are normally circular. However, in the particles examined, the shape of the cluster depends on how strongly the orientation of the particles influences their propulsion speed – which can be stipulated by the experimentalist.
“Theoretically, at least, we can make the particles arrange themselves into any shape we want,” explains co-lead author Dr. Jens Bickmann.
“We can paint with them, so to speak.” In the simulations, the researchers observed ellipses, triangles, and squares. “This gives the results a practical importance,” says Dr. Michael te Vrugt from the Wittkowski team and likewise a co-author of the study. “For technical applications – for example, for the realization of programmable matter, it has to be possible to control the way the particles self-assemble – and with our approach that is indeed possible.”
The background: There are a large number of examples of active particles in biology – for instance, swimming bacteria or flying birds. Nowadays, it is also possible to realize artificially active particles (nano- and micro-robots): one aim, for example, is to implant them in the body for a targeted transportation of medication.
Reference: “Orientation-Dependent Propulsion of Active Brownian Spheres: From Self-Advection to Programmable Cluster Shapes” by Stephan Bröker, Jens Bickmann, Michael te Vrugt, Michael E. Cates and Raphael Wittkowski, 19 October 2023, Physical Review Letters.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.168203
The study was funded by the German Research Foundation and the Study Foundation of the German People.
Your study delves into the behavior of active particles. Have you ever considered where the activity of the active particles you are studying comes from?
According to topological vortex gravitational field theory, spin is an essential property of topological vortices. Spin generates gravitation. Spin generates energy. Spin generates evolution. Spin generates time. In the interaction of topological vortices, the world is an interconnected whole. Each particles has its own phase field. Every particles maintain the state of themselves in space and time through the interaction and balance of these phase fields.
CP violation is a pseudoscientific theory spread by Physical Review Letters (PRL).
Today, CP violation has been viewed by contemporary physics as the key to a deeper understanding of both the behaviour of elementary particles and the Big Bang origin of the universe. Here is an introduction to the CP violations by Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).
1. If CP-symmetry is not violated, then the matter and antimatter that would have been produced in equal amounts in the early universe would have been annihilated, leaving behind only radiation, whereas theories with CP-violation can explain why, as the universe evolved, a little more matter survived than antimatter, and that makes up the matter we see.
2. There’s strong evidence that elementary particles called quarks (which constitute protons and neutrons) do violate CP-symmetry. The first indication of this came in 1964, when Val Fitch and James Cronin at the Brookhaven National Laboratory discovered violations of CP-symmetry in the decay of K-mesons, which are composed of one type of quark and another type of antiquark. Fitch and Cronin were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1980 for their efforts.
3. Still, the amount of violation is not enough to explain the excess of matter. So, physicists have begun looking for CP-violation in other classes of particles, such as leptons, the group which includes electrons and neutrinos, among others.
Experiments around the world are looking for signs of the charge conjugation and parity (CP) symmetry violation. However, in scientific research, falsifiable is more important than confirmation. If the topological vortex and its twin anti-vortex conform to the physical characteristics of matter and anti-matter, no one believes that in topological phase transition, a little more matter survived than antimatter.
This is the hypocrisy, dirtiness, and ugliness of contemporary physics and so-called academic journals.
If you are really interested in science, you can browse the comments of the https://scitechdaily.com/microscope-spacecrafts-most-precise-test-of-key-component-of-the-theory-of-general-relativity/.
I hope more people dare to stand up and fight against the rampant pseudoscience, instead of being fooled by the pseudoscientific ideas of the Physics Review Letters (PRL).
Good luck to you all.
Many physical phenomena observed in scientific experiments are often not the whole picture, let alone the essence, the hidden variables in which are closely related to symmetry. Scientific research is inseparable from seeking truth from facts. We should see the essence through the phenomenon and act according to the laws of nature, rather than distorting the facts and making arbitrary inference.
They formed a bird that is the American continent, why the American continent looks like a bird, because the most flights to space are in the American continent, in two periods of human civilization on earth, for this reason, by changing the shape of theAmerican continent.The seas and continents of the earth are shaped like Birds, humans and human mammals gave us this message to inform us of this important matter that the bird that was flying in the American continent died due to the impact of meteorites that came from the planet thatexploded and hit its left wing.The star that hit the sun then disintegrated.The elements inside the mantle and core of the planet hit the earth in the form of meteorites and could not go from the earth to space.With these images, they are saying to take refuge in the sky.It is very strange that most of the flights to space are made in the American continent.How did humans on earth before us know that humans will reappear on the surface of the American continent and take refuge in the sky?The other big world of Asia, Europe and Africa, pictures of conflicts and wars and the killing and looting of caravans by rebels on the map of the three continents of the world.An Arab or black man wounds the chest of a camel with a machete, his machete is the Red Sea.There is, and the color of red blood is the red of the Red Sea, and that fool Ahmed cuts the head of an animal with a machete that passed through the Arabian continent, the Red Sea is cut next to the animal’s head.Because of its horns, it is located in the African continent in the same way as The face and forehead of the rhinoceros is placed on the horn.It is strange and amazing that elephants and rhinoceroses were beheaded in the African continent because of their expensive horns.An elephant with its trunk is visible on the map of the country of Khartoun and Eritrea so that it does not let it cut off the head of the rhinoceros.And he split the camel’s chest and the tip of the machete reached the camel’s chest, and the name of that area is Giza.And strange and wonderful wonders is the place where the blood of camels and rhinoceros was spilled, and the Ihrams are in Egypt.From the gap of the severed head of a rhinoceros and the chest of a camel, which I said is the protrusion of the Great Ihram of Giza, where the tip of the machete wounded the chest and head of the rhinoceros, and God has shown it, it is one of the seven wonders of the world for us earthlings.Are you not in awe of all the wonders of your creation???I already explained about this issue in the comments I left for this site, if you want me to explain again, send me a short message because the Islamic Republic of Iran may have blocked my email and I received a notification just yesterday, maybe it isbecause they are monitoring me.I have written an article about guardianship and imamate, but the issue of imamate has not been mentioned in any book from God, and the order of jihad in the way of God has been included in the Qur’an by Iraqi caliphs.Mehrdad, send me an SMS, I am waiting for your message
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There is no such law in any religion in the world that exists in Iran.This is the worst kind of dictatorship that never allows the people to vote and prevents the referendum of the mullahs who don’t allow the referendum to be elected in clerical clothes, meaning the people have to decide again.Everyone should be polled and everyone should be invited to come to the polls and vote.Now that they know the Islamic Republic and all the crimes and killings of the Islamic Republic of Iran against the freedom-loving and reformist people, will people be like last year?1358 people voted for Islami on 10 and 11 May 1958. Do they know and vote for this regime of criminal mullahs and dictators?The families are those who lost their loved ones in the conflicts of the years after 57, 67, 67, 88, 1400 and 01. When people vote, they never vote for the Islamic Republic and the majority of people do not vote.My Islamic Republic, because among the people I know that the majority of people say no to the Islamic Republic.The leader of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Khamenei, knows that a vote is likely.Most people do not vote for the Islamic Republic.Ninth, Rabian raises this question.Ayatollah Khamenei, in response to Hassan Rouhani for the referendum, said a few months ago that the people of Iran want a referendum.which cannot win, the issue of the referendum is written in the law of the Islamic Council that whenever the people demand a referendum, the referendum should be elected.The translation of the above text into Latin is a proof of God’s wisdom in the signs of the earth regarding the prophets who should be chosen by God and until that time.Those who are students should also be teachers.We mean ignorant students, and teachers are the same prophets who are the gods of ancestors in every tribe and tribe.A people and a nation have come for a tyrannical government.Whether it is a religious government that has a conflict, it means that it is basically a group of religions that has disturbed a nation, because religions are a collection of religions and not all religions can be worshiped like Islam.There are many religions in the Quran, the book of Islam.has it god by Kesiri s m s sent in mobil 00989332197646