![Diamond Anvil Cell](jpg/diamond-anvil-cell-1-777x518.jpg)
A team of physicists from UNLV’s Nevada Extreme Conditions Lab (NEXCL) used a diamond anvil cell, a research device similar to the one pictured, in their research to lower the pressure needed to observe a material capable of room-temperature superconductivity. Credit: Image courtesy of NEXCL
Less than two years ago the science world was shocked by the discovery of a material capable of room-temperature superconductivity. Now, a team of University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV) physicists has upped the ante once again by reproducing the feat at the lowest pressure ever recorded.
To be clear, this means that science is closer than it’s ever been to a usable, replicable material that could one day revolutionize how energy is transported.
International headlines were in 2020 by the discovery of room-temperature superconductivity for the first time by UNLV physicist Ashkan Salamat and colleague Ranga Dias, a physicist with the University of Rochester. To achieve the feat, the scientists chemically synthesized a mix of carbon, sulfur, and hydrogen first into a metallic state, and then even further into a room-temperature superconducting state using extremely high pressure – 267 gigapascals – conditions you’d only find in nature near the center of the Earth.
Fast forward less than two years, and the researchers are now able to complete the feat at just 91 GPa – roughly one-third the pressure initially reported. The new findings were published as an advance article in the journal Chemical Communications this month.
A Super Discovery
Through a detailed tuning of the composition of carbon, sulfur, and hydrogen used in the original breakthrough, researchers are now able to produce a material at a lower pressure that retains its state of superconductivity.
“These are pressures at a level difficult to comprehend and evaluate outside of the lab, but our current trajectory shows that it’s possible to achieve relatively high superconducting temperatures at consistently lower pressures – which is our ultimate goal,” said study lead author Gregory Alexander Smith, a graduate student researcher with UNLV’s Nevada Extreme Conditions Laboratory (NEXCL). “At the end of the day, if we want to make devices beneficial to societal needs, then we have to reduce the pressure needed to create them.”
Though the pressures are still very high – about a thousand times higher than you’d experience at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean’s Mariana Trench – they continue to race toward a goal of near-zero. It’s a race that’s gaining steam exponentially at UNLV as researchers gain a better understanding of the chemical relationship between the carbon, sulfur, and hydrogen that make up the material.
“Our knowledge of the relationship between carbon and sulfur is advancing rapidly, and we’re finding ratios that lead to remarkably different, and more efficient, responses than what was initially observed,” said Salamat, who directs UNLV’s NEXCL and contributed to the latest study. “To observe such different phenomena in a similar system just shows the richness of Mother Nature. There’s so much more to understand, and every new advancement brings us closer to the precipice of everyday superconducting devices.”
The Holy Grail of Energy Efficiency
Superconductivity is a remarkable phenomenon first observed more than a century ago, but only at remarkably low temperatures that preempted any thought of practical application. Only in the 1960s did scientists theorize the feat might be possible at higher temperatures. The 2020 discovery by Salamat and colleagues of a room-temperature superconductor excited the science world in part because the technology supports electrical flow with zero resistance, meaning that energy passing through a circuit could be conducted infinitely and with no loss of power. This could have major implications for energy storage and transmission, supporting everything from better cell phone batteries to a more efficient energy grid.
“The global energy crisis shows no signs of slowing, and costs are rising in part due to a U.S. energy grid which loses roughly $30 billion annually because of the inefficiency of current technology,” said Salamat. “For societal change, we need to lead with technology, and the work happening today is, I believe, at the forefront of tomorrow’s solutions.”
According to Salamat, the properties of superconductors can support a new generation of materials that could fundamentally change the energy infrastructure of the U.S. and beyond.
“Imagine harnessing energy in Nevada and sending it across the country without any energy loss,” he said. “This technology could one day make it possible.”
Reference: “Carbon content drives high temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride below 100 GPa” by G. Alexander Smith, Ines E. Collings, Elliot Snider, Dean Smith, Sylvain Petitgirard, Jesse S. Smith, Melanie White, Elyse Jones, Paul Ellison, Keith V. Lawler, Ranga P. Dias and Ashkan Salamat, 7 July 2022, Chemical Communications.
DOI: 10.1039/D2CC03170A
Smith, the lead author, is a former UNLV undergraduate researcher in Salamat’s lab and a current doctoral student in chemistry and research with NEXCL. Additional study authors include Salamat, Dean Smith, Paul Ellison, Melanie White, and Keith Lawler with UNLV; Ranga Dias, Elliot Snider, and Elyse Jones with the University of Rochester; Ines E. Collings with the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Sylvain Petitgirard with ETH Zurich; and Jesse S. Smith with Argonne National Laboratory.
In my opinion, the most important use/need of superconductors (particularly room temperature) is in creating the magnetic fields for plasma confinement in fusion reactors. This is perhaps the biggest hold-back in the development of fusion energy.
“… our current trajectory shows that it’s possible [to] achieve relatively high superconducting temperatures at consistently lower pressures …”
Is there a shortage of proof readers? This is the second article I have read here today that is missing a word in a sentence.
Thank you for your comment, it has been corrected. Sorry for the trouble, we will try our best to catch the errors sooner.
Typo: “ International headlines were in 2020 by the disco very of […]”
Interesting.
Some thoughts.
1. Temperature,Pressure, Volume { PVT}
2. Matter to energy via fusion.
Figure out optimal conditions for modified Nuclear fusion reactors, keeping PVT mix in mind, for enabling Room temperature fusion reactors.
Views are personal.
Yes but superconductivity breaks down in lots of materials when they are exposed to high magnetic fields or humid atmospheres.
If they can drop the required pressure by a factor of 3 every 2 years, then we won’t need a pressure vessel by 2047.
… Tesla was developing a remarkable new system, for which humankind was not ready!!!