Panchromatic view of MACS0416, a galaxy cluster about 4.3 billion light-years from Earth. The image was created by combining infrared observations from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope with visible-light data from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The resulting prismatic panorama of blues and reds give clues to the distances of the galaxies. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Jose M. Diego (IFCA), Jordan C. J. D’Silva (UWA), Anton M. Koekemoer (STScI), Jake Summers (ASU), Rogier Windhorst (ASU), Haojing Yan (University of Missouri)
The striking image represents one of the most comprehensive views of the universe ever taken and reveals a vivid landscape of galaxies along with more than a dozen newfound, time-varying objects.
Astronomers once again have combined the observational powers of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope to create one of the most detailed and colorful portraits of the cosmos, just in time for the holiday season.
The new image, dubbed the Christmas Tree Galaxy Cluster by the research team that includes Texas A&M University astronomer, Dr. Lifan Wang, combines visible light from Hubble with infrared light detected by Webb to showcase MACS0416, a galaxy cluster about 4.3 billion light-years from Earth. Because the cluster is able to magnify the light from more distant background galaxies through a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing, it has enabled researchers to identify magnified supernovae and even very highly magnified individual stars.
Scientific Insights From the Cluster
“We’re calling MACS0416 the Christmas Tree Galaxy Cluster, both because it’s so colorful and because of these flickering lights we find within it,” said University of Missouri astronomer Dr. Haojing Yan, lead author of one of two papers describing the scientific results. The paper, co-authored by Wang, has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal.
Wang, a member of the Texas A&M Department of Physics and Astronomy and the George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy since 2006, is part of a time-domain astronomy team that is using JWST to discover the universe’s very first supernovae, the oldest of which on record dates back to a time when the universe was more than 3 billion years old. The international collaboration, known as the Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science (PEARLS), is led by Arizona State University astronomer Dr. Rogier Windhorst and credited with acquiring the data resulting in the discoveries.
Innovative Techniques and Predictions
One of the team’s tactics is to use the unparalleled observing power of Webb to search for objects varying in observed brightness over time, known as transients. In a 2017 white paper published prior to the launch of JWST, Wang and his co-authors predicted that the telescope would find a few such transients in a single shot using its powerful main imager, called the Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam). Wang cites the MACS0416 image and the 14 transients it contains as proof positive, noting that the discoveries are exceeding the team’s predictions.
“The JWST is discovering a large number of transient objects, mostly supernovae, in the universe,” Wang said. “Not only it is finding supernovae, it has also found stars in faraway galaxies that are magnified by the gravitational field of nearby foreground galaxies.”
The discoveries are made through repeated observations of a sky area toward the galaxy cluster MACS0416. The Northern Ecliptic Pole (NEP), a region where JWST can continuously point to and take data throughout the year, is ideal for acquiring time-domain observations in the future. Wang says the unprecedented sensitivity allows some supernovae, such as those from the explosions of white dwarf stars, to be detected throughout the universe, even as far back to the epoch when the universe was just beginning to form its first stars.
Answering Key Astronomical Questions
“There are two fundamental questions in astronomy: How did the first stars form, and what is the nature of the forces that drive the expansion of the universe?” Wang said. “The transients that JWST is able to discover will provide the data needed to address these questions.
“These discoveries show that JWST is the most powerful tool for studying the faint transients at the cosmic dawn, when the universe emerges from the dark age with no stars to the present-day epoch. The supernovae it observes can probe the process of the first stars as well as the expansion of the universe out to a time when the universe was less than 1 billion years old.”
Exploring Supernovae and Distant Stars
Wang says some of these supernovae are likely from the death of low-mass stars, which evolve into white dwarfs and explode through thermonuclear explosions. The lensed stars allow individual stars in the distant universe to be studied. These early stars are also likely to be very massive stars that produce extremely bright transients through the so-called pair production instability process.
“We anticipate that these ‘routinely discoverable’ transients will hold great potential in addressing the questions concerning the end of the cosmic dark age and the physics of the expansion of the dark universe,” Wang said.
For more on this research:
“JWST’s PEARLS: Transients in the MACS J0416.1-2403 Field” by Haojing Yan, Zhiyuan Ma, Bangzheng Sun, Lifan Wang, Patrick Kelly, Jose M. Diego, Seth H. Cohen, Rogier A. Windhorst, Rolf A. Jansen, Norman A. Grogin, John F. Beacom, Christopher J. Conselice, Simon P. Driver, Brenda Frye, Dan Coe, Madeline A. Marshall, Anton Koekemoer, Christopher N. A. Willmer, Aaron Robotham, Jordan C. J. D’Silva, Jake Summers, Mario Nonino, Nor Pirzkal, Russell E. Ryan Jr., Rafael Ortiz III, Scott Tompkins, Rachana A. Bhatawdekar, Cheng Cheng, Adi Zitrin and S. P. Willner, Accepted, The Astrophysical Journal.
arXiv:2307.07579
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This article was prepared on 3 December 1402 and was very interestingly translated and it is related to the stars that came to the sun and the planets that came to the sun from the big arms of the galaxy and now became the moons of the solar system,or became the number of moons now.Neptune, Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter will reach 231 moons.I wrote an article about the destruction of the earth’s civilization a hundred million years ago and the structure of God’s existence around a hundred million years ago, which was built by humans, God and those humans through the science of physics, chemistry and artificial intelligence.They created the superior force, which is the strangest and most complex structure of human beings on earth.That God was created by those humans who lived on earth before us.They had millions of years of history and civilization, and they were much, much more advanced than us earthlings.I am talking about religious issues.and astronomical issues, and I am talking about the war and killing of the people of Iran, Palestine and Israel, which is the cause of these wars and the killing of the defenseless people, the leader of the Islamic Republic, maybe he is not toblame, but I do not judge about this, because I read this news from Iranian sites that are against the republic.are Islamic, and I tried to convey the news and events that took place in Iran, which caused the killing of Iranian people, to those who are in America, and I ask you to contact me about this issue and tell me Send me a shortmessage, my email has been disabled and I can’t access my email, just send SMS to my mobile phone and leave my comments on the most popular websites in America and ask the American government officials to stop the civil war in Iran and the killingof defenseless people.take over Palestine, Israel and Afghanistan in the Middle East.The authorities of the American Parliament and the House of Representatives, with the help of its allies, which are the Soviet Union, Britain and France, stop the war in the Middle East.God, through inspiration and revelation, has given me a duty that I must I must give this message to the great powers of the world, especially the United States, so that you Iranians can convey my message to the authorities of the American government.I am neither a prophet nor the imam of the time, all the people on earth are their own chosen ones, and I am the special chosen one of God and I am no different from other people.This is the message of the people of Tehran that I heard from those who were not political and were not active in any party and were in favor of the right and are dissatisfied with the government of the Islamic Republic, Iranian man, and they told methat you should take our message from Iran to the ears of high-ranking government officials.America should remove those who killed people in the Islamic Republic of Iran government in the years 1357, 1388, 1400, 1401 and 1402, just as America removed Saddam, and punish the perpetrators of crimes and massacres.It must be done by America’s allies and great powers, and nothing can be done by defenseless people who are not armed
Because the illegitimate and illegitimate regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran massacred and beheaded the revolutionary people on the streets of the big cities of Iran, a large number of young students were taken to prison by the order of the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ali Khamenei.The people of Iran demanded a referendum and They are freedom and democracy, the people say that all the crimes, conflicts and killing of teenagers and girls, especially in Tehran, because of the mandatory hijab in big cities, were done by the order of theSupreme Leader Ali Khamenei.I am Dr. Mehrdad.I gathered the street to protest the mandatory hijab from among the people of Iran and I currently have no opinion about the authorities of the Islamic Republic and I am only against the sarcopah and killing of people who were innocently killed by agents affiliated with the Islamic Republicof the people of Iran in years.As I said, they were killed in the cities of Tehran, Zahedan and Sanandaj, and the majority of Iranian men do not want the illegitimate regime and dictator of the Islamic Republic.Hello, considering the mass and weight of Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, Jupiter, it can be understood that the moons that are now around Jupiter and Saturn were the same planets that came with the stars from the big arms of the galaxy to Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter.I discovered a secret that is possible in The world has not been discovered by anyone, I’m not sure because I don’t live in America, NASA astronomers may have made this discovery.I read Sam’s talk about the observations about the common facet with Earth and Jupiter.We have Earthlings.If Jupiter and Saturn was not there, the planet Earth was destroyed, the gravity of the four gaseous planets, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter was so strong that it prevented the collision of the stars and the companion planet that were coming towards theEarth, and those planets are now Jupiter’s moons that did not reach the Earth, but at least 300 planets that came towards the sun, 234 of those planets at this time now became the moons of gaseous planets like Uranus, Neptune, Saturn and Jupiter.For sure, this question arises in your mind that what happened to the stars that came with these planets, I must say that the stars Those who came towards the sun, none of them survived, all of them hit the planets Neptune, Uranus, Saturnand Jupiter, and it is strange and amazing that the size of those stars and especially their mass was such that the strong gravity of the sun did not allow them to Even if the sun came close, those mentioned stars were exactly at the same distance asthe planets Neptune, Uranus, Saturn and Jupiter due to the flow of positive and negative magnetic poles in the core.They were coming towards the sun, this happened, but they passed a few trillion kilometers from the sun, but those stars whose mass was a million times less than the sun came within a few billion kilometers of the sun and collided with the gas planets Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter, and the planets with Those stars came, those planets became the moons of the planets of the solar system
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